SPECIAL
 

Barberry
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Berberis vulgaris
Part Used: Bark of root or stem

Constituents:

• Alkaloids of the isoquinoline type, mainly berberine, berbamine and derivatives, berberrubine, bervulcine, columbamine, isotetrandrine, jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, oxycanthine and vulvracine
• Miscellaneous, including chelidonic acid, resin, tannin etc.

Actions: Cholagogue, hepatic, anti-emetic, bitter, laxative

Indications: Barberry is one of the best remedies for correcting liver function and promoting the flow of bile. It is indicated when there is an inflammation of the gall-bladder or in the presence of gallstones. When jaundice occurs due to a congested state of the liver, Barberry is also indicated. As a bitter tonic with mild laxative effects, it is used with weak or debilitated people to strengthen and cleanse the system. An interesting action is its ability to reduce an enlarged spleen. It acts against malaria and is also effective in the treatment of protozoal infection due to Leishmania spp.

Priest & Priest tell us that it is a "stimulating tonichepatic: influences the mucosa generally, removing mucoid accumulations and controlling excess secretion. Improves appetite, digestion and assimilation. Indicated for `gouty' constitutions" They give the following specific indications : Biliary catarrh with constipation andjaundice. Gastritis, biliousness, debility duringconvalescence, ulcerative stomatitis, eczema of the hands.

Felter considered it "much like Hydrastis and could be employed for many of the uses of that scarce and high-priced drug. Used forchronic catarrhal ophthalmias as a decoction, also in aphtousulcers. It is tonic, and if pushed purgative. It is of value innon-obstructive jaundice and in gastric and intestinaldyspepsias. In renal catarrh, occasioned by the presence of calculi, small doses may be given when there is burning and soreness and excess mucousin the urinary tract."

Combinations: In gall-bladder diseases it combines well with Fringe tree Bark and Black Root. CAUTION: Avoid during pregnancy.

Preparations & Dosage: Decoction: put l teaspoonful of the bark into a cup of cold water and bring to the boil. Leave for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day. Tincture: take 1-2ml of the tincture three times a day.

Bayberry
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Myrica cerifera
Part Used: Bark of root

Constituents: The whole complex of primary plant constituents and a characteristic array of secondary plant constituents are present. Pharmacologically important constituents include: triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, resins and gums

Actions: Astringent, circulatory stimulant, diaphoretic.

Indications: A valuable astringent in diarrhoea andcolitis. As a gargle it helps sore throats and as a douche it helps in leucorrhoea. It has been used in the treatment of colds, the `flu and other acute feverish conditions.

Preparations & Dosage: Decoction: put l teaspoonful of the bark into a cup of cold water and bring to the boil. Leave for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day. Tincture: take l-2 ml of the tincture three times a day.

Blackberry
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Rubus villosus
Rosaceae
Part Used: The bark of the root and rhizome
Collection:

Constituents: 20% Tannin, gallic acid, saponins including villosin.

Actions: Astringent

Indications: An excellent, safe and gentle astringent remedy that can be used in all situations that call for this action. It may be used indiarrhoea, dysentary and other problems associated with 'loose bowels'. It was traditionally used in Britain externally as wash in a whole range of skin eruptions and burns. It will staunch bleeding and may be used in leucorrhoea.

Ellingwood considered it specific for "diarrhoeas of infancy."

King's Dispensatory describes it thus: These plants are useful as astringents. An infusion or decoction of the leaves of raspberry or the bark of the roots of the other two (species of Rubus), has been found an excellent remedy in diarrhoea, dysentery (chronic), cholerainfantum, relaxed conditions of the intestines of children, passive haemorrhage from the stomach, bowels or uterus and in coliquative diarrhea. The decoction, used as an injection, is useful in gonorrhea, gleet, leucorrhoea and prolapsus uteri and ani. In prolapsus uteri, it may be used wither alone or combined with the internal use of a decoction of equal parts of Black Cohosh and Blackberry roots, taken freely. Rubus villosus is especially adapted to children's diarrhea's, the stools being copious, watery and clay-colored. Such children are pale, fretful, without appetite, there is deficient glandular activity and the gastro-intestinal tract shows evidence of enfeeblement and relaxation. The leaves of Raspberry in decoction with cream, will allay nausea and vomiting and combined with aromatics, have been found useful in diarrhea, cholera morbus, and cholera infantum. It is said that raspberry will during labor, increase the activity of the uterine contractions when these are feeble, even in instances where ergot has failed and that it has been found serviceable in after-pains. The fruit, especially that of the blackberry, makes an excellent syrup, which is of much service in dysentery, being pleasant to the taste, mitigating the accompanying tenesmus and sufferings of the patient, and ultimately effecting a cure. The fruit of the raspberry contains very little nourishment, but is an agreeable acidulous article, rarely disturbing the stomach and when eaten freely, promotes the action of the bowels. Raspberry syrup, added to water, forms a refreshing and beneficial beverage for fever patients and during convalescence. The jelly or jam may likewise be used in similar cases; that of the blackberry being more astringent, is better adapted to cases of diarrhea, dysentery and cholerainfantum. Dose of the decoction of these plants, from 1 to 4 fluid ounces, several times a day; of the pulverized root-bark, 20 to 30 grains. Specific Indications and Uses : Gastro-intestinal atony with copious, water and palealvine discharges.

Dosage: 1-2 g of the bark in a decoction three times a day. 2-5ml of tincture 3 times a day

Black Cohosh
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Cimicifuga racemosa
Ranunculaceae
Names: Black Snakeroot, Bugbane, Rattleroot, Rattleweed, Squawroot.
Habitat: USA and Canada.
Collection: The roots are unearthed with the rhizome in autumn after the fruits have ripened. They should be cut lengthwise and dried carefully.
Part Used: Root and rhizome; dried, not fresh.

Constituents:

• Triterpene glycosides, including actein, cimigoside, cimifugine (=macrotin), racemoside
• Isoflavones such as formononetin
• Isoferulic acid
• Miscellaneous; volatile oil, tannin.

Actions: Emmenagogue, anti-spasmodic, alterative, nervine, hypotensive.

Indications: Black Cohosh is a most valuable herb that has a powerful action as a relaxant and a normalizer of the female reproductive system. It maybe used beneficially in cases of painful or delayed menstruation. Ovarian cramps or cramping pain in the womb will be relieved by Black Cohosh. It is very active in the treatment of rheumatic pains, but also in rheumatoid arthritis, osteo-arthritis, in muscular and neurological pain. It finds use in sciatica and neuralgia. As a relaxing nervine it may be used in many situations where such an agent is needed. It has been found beneficial in cases of tinnitus. Because of the wealth of accrued experience, it is worth quoting from Kings American Dispensatory:

Kings "This is a very active, powerful, and useful remedy, and appears to fulfill a great number of indications. It possesses an undoubted influence over the nervous system. In small doses the appetite and digestion are improved, and larger amounts augment the secretions of the gastro-intestinal tract. Excretions from the skin and kidneys are increased by it, the peculiar earthy odor of the drug being imparted to the urine; the secretions of the bronchial mucous surfaces are also augmented under its administration. The heart-beat is slowed and given increased power by it, while arterial tension is elevated.

Upon the reproductive organs it exerts a specific influence, promoting the menstrual discharge, and by its power of increasing contractility of the unstriped fibers of the uterus, it acts as an efficient parturient. The venereal propensity in man is said to be stimulated by Cimicifuga.

Few of our remedies have acquired as great a reputation in the treatment of rheumatism and neuralgia. Indeed, few cases of rheumatism, or conditions depending upon a rheumatic basis, will present, which will not be influenced for the better by Cimicifuga. Rheumatism of the heart, diaphragm, psoasmuscles, "lumbago" "stiff neck" in fact all cases characterized by that kind of pain known as "rheumatic" dull, tensive intermittent, as if dependent upon a contracted state of muscular fibre, soreness in muscular tissue, especially over the abdomen and in the extensor and flexor muscles of the extremities, all yield readily to it.

Muscular pain of a rheumatoid character, when not amounting to a true rheumatic attack, and other rheumatoid pains when acute and not of spinal origin such as gastralgia, enteralgia, tenesmic vesical pains, pleurodynia, pain in the mediastina orbits or ears, are relieved by Cimicifuga. In diseases of the ear the drug is indicated when the condition is aggravated by rheumatic association, or in neuralgia of the parts with stiffness in the faucial and pharyngeal muscles. In eye strain, giving rise to headache, and associated with a sensation of stiffness in the ocular muscles, or a bruised feeling in the muscles of the frontal region, it will give marked benefit. In doses of 1 fluid drachm of the tincture, repeated every hour, it has effected thorough cures of acute conjunctivitis, without the aid of any local application.

Cimicifuga plays a very important part in the therapeutics of gynecology. It is a remedy for atony of the reproductive tract. In the painful conditions incident to imperfect menstruation, its remedial action is fully displayed. By its special affinity for the female reproductive organs, it is an efficient agent for the restoration of suppressed menses. It is even a better remedy in that variety of amenorrhoea termed "absentio mesium". In dysmenorrhoea it is surpassed by no other drug, being of greatest utility in irritate and congestive conditions of the uterus and appendages, characterized by tensive, dragging pains, resembling the pains of rheumatism. If the patient be despondent and chilly, combineCimicifuga with Pulsatilla, especially in anemic subjects. It is a good remedy for the reflex "side-aches" of the unmarred woman; also for mastitis and mastodynia. It should be remembered in rheumatism of the uterus, and in uterine leucorrhoea, with a flabby condition of the viscus, its effects are decided. When there is a disordered action or lack of functional power in the uterus, giving rise to sterility, Cimicifugaoften corrects the impaired condition and cures. Reflex mammary pains during gestation are met by it, and in rheumatic subjects it promptly relieves such ovarian troubles as ovarialgia and neuralgia, the pain being of an aching character. Orchialgia and aching sensations of theprostate are conditions calling for Cimicifuga, and as a tonic it is not without good effects in spermatorrhoea.

Cimicifuga has proved a better agent in obstetrical practice than ergot. It produces natural intermittent uterine contractions, whereas ergot produces constant contractions, thereby endangering the life of the child, or rupture of the uterus. Where the pains are inefficient, feeble, or irregular, Cimicifuga will stimulate to normal action. It is an excellent"partus praeparator" if given for several weeks before confinement. It is a diagnostic agent to differentiate between spurious and true labor pains, the latter being increased, while the former are dissipated under its use. It is the best and safest agent known for the relief of after-pains, and is effectual in allaying the general excitement of the nervous system after labor.

Cimicifuga exerts, a powerful influence over the nervous system, and has long been favorably known as a remedy for chorea. It may be used alone or with Valeriana, equal parts. It is, particularly useful here when associated with amenorrhoea, or when the menstrual function fails to act for the first time. Its action is slow, but its effects, are permanent. It has been used successfully as an antispasmodic in hysteria, epilepsy when due to menstrual failures, asthma and kindred affections, periodical convulsions, nervous excitability, pertussis, delirium tremens and many other spasmodic affections.

For headache, whether congestive or from cold, neuralgia, dysmenorrhoea, or from la grippe, it is promptly curative. As a palliative agent in phthisispulmonalis, good results are obtained, in that it lessens cough, soothes the pain, especially the "aching" under the scapulae, lessens secretions and allays nervous irritability. Fevers, intermittent and remittent hav been benefited by it; well-marked antiperiodic and tonic virtues having been observed in the drug. In the exanthemata, it is a valuable agent, controlling pain, especially the terrible "bone aches" of smallpox, rendering the disease much milder. Inscarlatina and measles, it relieves the headache and the backache preceding the eruptions. It is stated that it has been used in the south with some success as a prophylactic against variola. Cimicifuga exerts a tonic influence over both the serous and mucous tissues of the system, and will be found a superior remedy in the majority of chronic diseases of these parts. In all cases where acidity of the stomach is present, this should first be removed, or some mild alkaline preparation be administered in conjunction with the remedy, before any beneficial change will ensue. As a remedy for pain, Cimicifuga is a very prompt agent, often relieving in a few hours, painful conditions that have existed for a long time

The saturated tincture of the root is recommended as a valuable embrocation in all cases where a stimulant, tonic, anodyne, and alterative combined is required, as in all cases of inflammation of the nerves, tic-dolloureux, periodic cephalic pain, inflammation of the spine, ovarian inflammation, spasms of the broad ligaments, rheumatism, crick in the back or side, inflammation of the eyes, old ulcers, etc. Preparations of Cimicifuga, to be of any medicinal value, must be prepared from recently dried roots.

Preparations & Dosage: Decoction: pour a cup of water onto l/2-l teaspoonfuls of the dried root and bring to boil. Let it simmer for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day.

Tincture: take 2-4 ml of the tincture three times a day.

"As a partus accelerator, it may be substituted for, and should be preferred to, ergot; 1/2 drachm of the powdered root may be given in warm water every 15 or 20 minutes, until the expulsive action of the uterus is induced, and which it seldom fails to bring on speedily and powerfully. In acute troubles, as acute muscular rheumatism, and in false pains, and as an oxytocic, Webster prefers the strong decoction of the recent root in tablespoonful doses. The fluid extract of black cohosh may be used in all cases where the article is indicated; its dose is from 1/2 fluid drachm to 2 fluid drachms. The ordinary dose for its specific effects is a teaspoonful of a mixture of from 10 drops to 1 drachm of Cimicifuga tincture in 4 ounces of water, the larger or smaller dose being determined by the condition of the patient."

Bladderwrack
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Fucus vesiculosus
Fucaceae
Names: Kelp, Seawrack, Kelpware, Black-tang, Bladder Fucus, Cutweed.
Habitat: A seaweed common in colder waters.
Part Used: The whole plant.

Constituents:

• Phenolic compounds, phloroglucinol, its dehydropolymerization products, the fucophorethols, phlorotannin derivatives

• Mucopolysaccharides, algin.

• Sulphuryl-, sulphonyl- and phosphonyl-glycosyl ester diglycerides

• Polar lipids

• Trace metals, particularly iodine.

Actions: Anti-hypothyroid, anti-rheumatic.

Indications: Bladderwrack has proved most useful in the treatment of under active thyroid glands and goitre. Through the regulation of thyroid function there is an improvement in all the associated symptoms. Where obesity is associated with thyroid trouble, this herb may be very helpful in reducing the excess weight. It has a reputation in helping the relief of rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis, both used internally and as an external application upon inflamed joints.

Ellingwood describes the uses of Fucus thus: "This agent is used for the specific purpose of reducing unhealthy fat in excessive adiposity. If given in doses of from 1/2 to 2 drams, 3 or 4 times daily, it has reduced excessively fat patients in a satisfactory manner without interfering in anyway with the normal health functions.

"It is in the obesity of individuals of the lymphatic temperament that the beneficial effects of this drug are the most marked. It has little or no influence in the reduction of the fleshiness of persons of active habits or of those of the sanguine temperament. In these cases strict regulation of the diet affords the only prospects of relief, but owing to the keenness of the appetite usually present, this regulation is rarely enforced. Fucus shows its most decided influence upon women in whom there exist menstrual derangement's, as menorrhagia and leucorrhoea, owing to a general a tonic and flabby condition of the uterine tissues. In such cases an improvement in the local derangement's usually precedes the general reduction of fat and the improved tonicity of the general system. Fucus is advised as a specific remedy in the treatment of both exophthalmic and simple goitre. It is especially successful in patients not above 30 years of age. It is also suggested in the treatment of fatty degeneration of the heart. It is of service in desquamative nephritis and in irritation and inflammation of the bladder. When general muscular relaxation is present, it is of service in the treatment of menstrual derangement's."

Preparations & Dosage: It may usefully be taken in tablet form as a dietary supplement or as an infusion by pouring a cup of boiling water onto 2-3 teaspoonfuls of the dried herb and leaving it to steep for 10 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day.

Blue Cohosh
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Caulophylum thalictroides
Berberidaceae
Names: Papoose Root, Squawroot
Habitat: USA
Collection: The roots and rhizome are collected in the autumn, as at the end of the growing season they are richest in natural chemicals.
Part Used: Root & Rhizome

Constituents:

• Alkaloids, including the lupin-type alkaloid scaulophylline (= methylcytisine), anagyrine, baptifoline; and magnoflorine

• Saponins known as "caulosaponin".

Actions: Uterine tonic, emmenagogue, anti-spasmodic, anti-rheumatic, diuretic.

Indications: An excellent uterine tonic that may be used in any situation where there is a weakness or loss of tone. It may be used at any time during pregnancy if there is a threat of miscarriage. Similarly, because of its anti-spasmodic action, it will ease false labour pains and dysmenorrhoea. However, when labor does ensue, the use of Blue Cohosh just before birth will help ensure an easy delivery. In all these cases it is a safe herb to use. As an emmenagogue it can be used to bring on a delayed or suppressed menstruation whilst ensuring that the pain that sometimes accompanies it is relieved. Blue Cohosh may be used in cases where an anti-spasmodic is needed such as in colic, asthma or nervous coughs. It has a reputation for easing rheumatic pain.

Priest & Priest tell us that it is a "gently diffusive stimulating relaxant, uterine vaso-dilator and anti-spasmodic in all spastic and irritable states. Indicated for a tonic conditions and for deficient contractions in parturition. Cerebrospinal tropho restorative." They give the following specific indications : metritis, endometriosis, ovaritis, dysmenorrhoea, urethritis, vaginitis, thrush, restlessness during pregnancy, menopausal pains and discomfort.

Ellingwood quotes Felter and Lloyd thus " Uterine pain, with fullness, weight and pain in the legs; fullness of tissues as if congested; debility of the nervous system with impaired muscular power; spasmodic muscular pains, articular pain, rheumatic pains of asthenic plethora, epigastric &umbilical colicky pains, dull frontal headaches; as an oxytocic; to relieve false pains and uterine irritability; sexual debility with excitability; spasmodic uterine contractions, dysmenorrhoea, irregular menstruation." In addition he recommends it for the following situations: chronic uterined isorders, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, scarlet fever, to prolong gestation, to increase strength of contractions in labor, as a partus preparator, to prevent premature delivery, hysteria, ovarian irritation, bronchitis, pneumonitis & whooping cough.

King's says that "as a powerful emmenagogue it promotes delivery, menstruation, and dropsical discharges, " and that "it was employed by the Indians and their imitators for rheumatism, dropsy, colic, sore throat, cramp, hiccough, epilepsy, hysterics, inflammation of the uterus, etc. "King first employed Blue Cohosh for "its beneficial influence on abnormities of the mucous tissues, using it for aphthous stomatitis in decoction, alone or combined with Hydrastis. Blue Cohosh is reputed antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and parturifacient, besides being diuretic, diaphoretic, and expectorant. Its use as a parturient originated in the custom of the Indian squaws (note 19 th. usage, not mine! D.L.H.) of employing a decoction of the root for 2 or 3 weeks previous to labor to facilitate child-birth. There is no doubt but that Caulophyllum has a decided action upon the gravid uterus. During labor it relieves false pains and coordinates muscular contractions, at the same time increasing their power. Like Cimicifuga, it is a better oxytocic than ergot. Unlike the latter agent it stimulates normal contraction instead of inducing spasmodic uterine action. It is most valuable in those cases where delay is due to debility, fatigue, or lack of uterine nervous energy, and for deficient contractions where the tissues feel full, as if congested. As a partus praeparator Caulophylum has enjoyed a well merited reputation. When used by delicate women, or those who experience prolonged and painful labors, for several weeks previous to confinement, it gives tone and vigor to all the parts engaged in the accouchement, facilitating its progress, and relieving much suffering. It is a good remedy for after pains, especially when spasmodic in character. Caulophylum acts as an antiabortive by relieving the irritation upon which the trouble depends. King states that for this purpose it is fully equal to Viburnum.

As a gynecian remedy it has been employed to relieve irritation of the reproductive organs as if dependent on congestion. It controls chronic inflammatory states of these organs and gives tone in cases of debility. In the sexual disorders of the female it is indicated by tenderness and pain in the uterus, in debilitated patients. It has been very successfully used in cases of hysteria to overcome the attack, and to relieve ovarian, or mammary pain, or irritation when accompanying that disorder. Chronic corporeal, or cervical endometritis, metritis, ovaritis, ovaralgia, uterine leucorrhoea, amenorrhcea, and dysmenorrhoea, are conditions in which it has been most successfully employed. It has an established reputation as a remedy for rheumatism of the uterus, with nervous excitement, for uterinecramps attending menstruation, and for menorrhagia, depending on uterine subinvolution.

As an antispasmodic it has been employed in chorea and epilepsy due to diseased states of the sexual organs, but with varying results. It is better suited for spasmodic intestinal affections, flatulent and spasmodic colic, and cramps. By lessening irritation it has been serviceable in cystitis, urethritis, chronic nephritis, and albuminuria. Spasmodic retention of urine is relieved by it. It is a good remedy for some cases of rheumatism, though not so valuable as Cimicifuga."

Cook say's that "It is a moderate diffusive, stimulating and relaxing in about equal degrees, spending its main powers upon the nervous system. These qualities make it one of the very best of antispasmodics, to relieve nervous feebleness with irritability, as in crampings of the bowels, twitching of the muscles in typhoid and parturient cases, hysteria, painful mensruation, colic, etc. Its efficacy in these cases is remarkable; and it is also a valuable adjunct to other suitable agents in the treatment of puerperal convulsions, epilepsy, and chorea. It enjoys deserved reputation in neuralgic forms of rheumatism, especially that form which passes with some as chronic inflammation of the womb. It sustains the nervous system, but at the same time soothes it; and is of especial service in strengthening and relieving painful functional difficulties of the female generative organs.

It is one of the most valuable of all parturients, when the uterine action is becoming weary; in which case it may be combined with the Composition Powder; or with Cypripedium and a very little Capsicum (or Bayberry) added when depression is considerable.

It promotes diuresis apparently by sustaining the pelvic nerves; and in the same way strengthens the uterus in leucorrhea and insufficient menstruation; yet can not properly be classed as either a diuretic o remmenagogue. By the same kind of action, at is useful in weak kidneys, albuminous urine, chronic difficulties of the prostate, nervous restlessness during pregnancy, and previous to parturition to give tone and comfort to the uterus. For these several purposes, it is generally combined with other suitable agents, such as Aralia racemosa, Mitchella, uva ursi, Convalaria, Liriodendron, etc."

Combinations: To strengthen the uterus it may be used with False Unicorn, Motherwort and/or Yarrow. To increase its anti-spasmodic effects combine with Scullcap and/or Black Cohosh.

Preparations & Dosage: Decoction: put l teaspoonful of the dried root in a cup of water, bring to the boil and simmer for l0 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day. Tincture: take 0.5-2ml of the tincture three times a day.

Boneset
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Eupatorium perfoliatum
Compositae
Names: Feverwort
Habitat: N. America
Collection: Boneset should be collected as soon as the flowers open in August or September.
Part Used: Dried aerial parts

Constituents:

• Sesquiterpene lactones ; eupafolin, euperfolitin, eufoliatin, eufoliatorin, euperfolide, eucannabinolide and helenalin

• Immunostimulatory polysaccharides, mainly 4-0-methylglucuroxylans

• Flavonoids; quercitin, kaempferol, hyperoside, astragalin, rutin, eupatorin& others

• Miscellaneous: diterpenes - dendroidinic acid, hebenolide; sterols;volatile oil.

Actions: Diaphoretic, bitter, laxative, tonic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, astringent.

Indications: Boneset is one the best remedies for the relief of the associated symptoms that accompany influenza. It will speedily relieve the aches and pains as well as aid the body in dealing with any fever that is present. Boneset may also be used to help clear the upper respiratory tract of mucous congestion. Its mild aperient activity will ease constipation. It may safely be used in any fever and also as a general cleansing agent. It may provide symptomatic aid in the treatment of muscular rheumatism.

Priest & Priest tell us that it is a "stimulating, tonic and antispasmodic diaphoretic; indicated for influenzal epidemics and febrile conditions arising in marshy districts. Acts upon the gastro-hepatic organs andpromotes secretion and excretion of bile." They give the following specific indications: Influenzal colds & fevers with nightsweats and aching bones. Pulmonary inflammation/catarrh withcough and chest soreness. Post-influenzal gastricirritation with biliousness and constipation. Skin diseases& eruptive fevers of hepatic origin.

It is worth quoting from Kings American Dispensatory at length here:"As a tonic, it is useful in remittent, intermittent, and typhoid fevers, dyspepsia, and generaldebility. In intermittent fever, a strong infusion, as hot as can be comfortably swallowed, is administered for the purpose of vomiting freely. This is also attended with profuse diaphoresis, and sooner or later byan evacuation of the bowels. During the intermission, the cold infusion or extract is given every hour as a tonic and antiperiodic. The chill and succeeding fever is slight, the skin dry, and not, as a rule, followed by perspiration; there are pains in the bones, praecordial oppression, and great thirst. If, however, the case is one in which the fever lasts all day, a slight sweating may follow at night. Another indication in ague is vomiting, especially of much bile. Eupatorium given as above, or sometimes in small doses, may relieve headache of intermittant character when the intermissions are irregular. In epidemic influenza thewarm infusion is valuable as an emetic and diaphoretic, likewise in febrile diseases, catarrh, colds, withhoarseness and pleuritic pains, and wherever such effects are indicated. In infuenza it relieves the pain in the limbs and back. Its popular name "boneset" is derived from its well-known property of relieving the deep seated pains in the limbs which accompany this disorder, and colds and rheumatism often this pain is periosteal, and if neuralgic in character, or due to a febrile condition, Eupatorium will relieve it. But it is not a remedy for periosteal pain due to inflammation or to organic changes in the periosteum. On the other hand, when given until the patient sweats, and then continued in 5-drop doses of specific eupatorium it has relieved the severe noctural muscular and "bone pains" ofsyphilis. It is a remedy for the cough of the aged, that cough in which there is an abundance of secretion, but lack of power to expectorate. The cough of measles, common colds, of asthma, and hoarseness are also relieved by it. Unless given in excess it acts as a good tonic to the gastric functions, increasing the appetite and power of digestion. The stomach disorders of the inebriate are, in a measure corrected by the use of small, tonicdoses of Eupatorium."

Combinations: In the treatment of influenza it may be combined with Yarrow, Elder Flowers, Cayenne or Ginger. With Pleurisy Root and Elecampane in bronchial conditions.

Preparations & Dosage: Infusion: pour a cup of boiling water onto l-2 teaspoonfuls of the dried herb and leave to infuse for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk as hot as possible. During fevers or the `flu it should bedrunk every half hour. Tincture: take 2-4 ml of the tincture three times a day.

Borage
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Borago officinalis
Boraginaceae
Habitat: Indigenous to Great Britain, Europe, and North Africa, naturalized in North America.
Collection: The leaves should be gathered when the plant is coming into flower in the early summer. Strip each leaf off singly and reject any that are marked in any way. Do not collect when wet with rain or dew.

Constituents:

• Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including lycopsamine, intermedine and their acetyl derivatives, with amabiline and supinine

• Choline. Allantoin is reported to be absent.

Actions: Diaphoretic, expectorant, tonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, galactogogue, nervine.

Indications: Borage acts as a restorative agent on the adrenal cortex, which means that it will revive and renew the adrenal glands after a medical treatment with cortisone or steroids. There is a growing need for remedies that will aid this gland with the stress it is exposed to, both externally and internally. Borage may be used as a tonic for the adrenals over a period of time. It may be used during fevers and especially during convalescence. It has a reputation as an anti-inflammatory herb used in conditions such as pleurisy. The leaves and seeds stimulate the flow or milk in nursing mothers. Borage contains potassium and calcium.

Combinations:

Preparations & Dosage: Infusion: pour a cup of boiling water onto 2 teaspoonfuls of the dried herb and leave to infuse for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day. Tincture: take l-4ml of the tincture three times a day.

Broom
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Sarothamnus scoparius
Leguminosea
Names: Scotch Broom, Irish Broom, Broomtops, Besom.
Habitat: British Isles, Europe and naturalized in North America, SouthAfrica and parts of Asia.
Collection: May be gathered throughout the spring, summer and autumn. The tops may be dried in the sun or by heat.
Part Used: Flowering tops.

Constituents:

• Quinolizidine alkaloids; sparteine, lupanine, l3-hydroxy-lupanine, isosparteine, ammodendrine, N-methylangustifoline, dihydro-lupanine and various derivatives.

• Phenethylamines such as tyramine, hydroxytyramine, epinine and salsolidine

• Isoflavone glycosides including genistein, 3'-0-methylorobol, 7-glucosyl-3-0- methylorobol, scoparin and sarothamnoside

• Other flavonoids such as quercitin, isoquercitin and spiraeoside

• Essential oil, containing cis-3-hexen-l-ol, l-octen-3-ol, benzylalcohol, phenol, cresols, guiacol, eugenol, isovaleric acid and benzoic acid

• Miscellaneous; caffeic and p-coumaric acids, tannins and pigments. The seeds contain lectins (phytohaemagglutinins).

Actions: Cardioactive diuretic, hypertensive, peripheral vasoconstrictor, astringent.

Indications: Broom is a valuable remedy where there is a weak heartand low blood pressure. Since it is also a diuretic and produces peripheral constriction of the blood vessels while increasing the efficiency of each stroke of the heart, it can be used where water retention occurs due to heart weakness. Broom is used in cases of over-profuse menstruation.

King's Dispensatory warns against high dosage as it can cause unwanted symptoms of impaired vision, vomiting and profuse sweating.

Combinations: Broom can be combined with Lily of the Valley and Hawthorn Berries when treating the heart.

CAUTION: Do not use Broom in pregnancy or hypertension.

Preparations & Dosage: Infusion: pour a cup of boiling water onto l teaspoonful of the dried herb and let infuse for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day.

Tincture: take l-2ml of the tincture three times a day.

Bugleweed
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Lycopus europaeus
Labiatae
Names: Sweet Bugle, Water Bugle, Gypsywort.
Habitat: Eastern USA- L. virginicus. Europe-L. europaeus.
Collection: It should be collected just before the buds open.
Part Used: Aerial parts.

Constituents:

• Phenolic acid derivatives; caffeic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic and ellagic acids.

• Pimaric acid methyl ester.

Actions: Diuretic, peripheral vasoconstrictor, astringent, nervine, anti-tussive.

Indications: Bugleweed is a specific for over-active thyroid glands, especially where the symptoms include tightness of breathing, palpitation and shaking. It may safely be used where palpitations occur that are of nervous origin. Bugleweed will aid the weak heart where there is associated build-up of water in the body. As a sedative cough reliever it will ease irritating coughs, especially when they are of nervous origin.

King's Dispensatory: "Lycopus fills an important place in Eclectic therapeutics. Its action is chiefly exhibited on the vascular structures and the sympathetic nervous system. It is a certain sedative, mild narcotic, sub-astringent and tonic. Its sedative action is most pronounced and most frequently indicated where the vascular action is tumultuous, the velocity of the pulse rapid, with evident want of cardiac power. It is for this purpose that it is principally employed in advanced stages of acute disease with great debility, and in chronic disease with frequent pulse. It improves the circulation and its good influence is extended to all the parts under the control of the vegetative system of nerves. As a sedative, Prof. Scudder classes it with aconite and veratrum. It acts somewhat like digitalis inreducing the velocity of the pulse, but is devoid of the dangerous effects resulting from the use of that drug, and hence has proved useful in some cardiac affection. It controls excessive vascular excitement, general irritability and diminishes exalted organic action. Upon the stomach its action is kindly, improving the appetite and serving as a mild gastric tonic. Normal secretion is established by it and blood-making and nutrition are improve.

Ellingwood describes its Specific Symptomology thus - "In diseases of the heart, either functional or organic, marked by irritability and irregularity of the organ, dyspnoea, feeling of oppression in the cardiac region, its administration is followed by gratifying results. Hypertrophy and dilatation have been known to undergo marked diminution in consequence of its administration. " Therapeutic uses - "It possesses tonic, sedative, astringent and narcotic properties and has been successfully used in incipient phthisis, haemoptysis, etc. It act like digitalis in reducing the velocity of the pulse, but has no cumulative effects. In pericarditis and endocarditis its sedativeaction lessens the frequency of the pulse, irritability and its attendant inflammation, in a manner equaled by no other remedy. Exopthalmic goitre. In diseases of the respiratory apparatus lycopus has been found to be very useful. Haemoptysis, associated with rapid and tumultuous heart's action, yields readily to its influence, as does hemorrhage from any part. Hale lauds lycopus highly for its efficiency when used in cases of incipient phthisis and in chronic inflammatory diseases of the lungs. by regulating the heart's action and equalizing the circulation in the lungs it mitigates or arrests the local inflammation.

Combinations: Bugleweed may be used with nervines such as Skullcap or Valerian.

Preparations & Dosage: Infusion: pour a cup of boiling water onto 1 teaspoonful of the dried herb and let infuse for 10-15 minutes. This shouldbe drunk three times a day.

Tincture: take 1-2 ml of the tincture three times a day.

Burdock
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Arctium lappa
Compositae
Names: Lappa, Beggar's Buttons.
Habitat: Grows in hedges and ditches in Europe, parts of Asia, N. America; cultivated in Japan.
Collection: The roots and rhizome should be unearthed in September or October.
Part Used: Roots and rhizome.

Constituents:

• Lignans, including arctigenin, its glycoside arctiin, and matairesinol.

• Polyacetylenes, in the root, mainly tridecadienetetraynes and tridecatrienetriynes, with the sulphur-containing arctic acid.

• Amino acids, such as [[alpha]]-guanidino-n-butyric acid

• Inulin in the roots

• Miscellaneous organic acids, fatty acids and phenolic acids; includingacetic, butyric, isovaleric, lauric, myristic, caffeic and chlorogenicacids.

Actions: Alterative, diuretic, bitter.

Indications: Burdock is a most valuable remedy for the treatment of skin conditions which result in dry and scaly skin. It may be most effective for psoriasis if used over a long period of time. It will be useful as part of a wider treatment for rheumatic complaints, especially where they are associated with psoriasis. Part of the action of this herb is through the bitter stimulation of the digestive juices and especially of bile secretion. Thus it will aid digestion and appetite. It has been used in anorexia nervosa and similar conditions, also to aid kidney function andto heal cystitis. In general, Burdock will move the body to a state of integration and health, removing such indicators of systemic imbalance as skin problems and dandruff. Externally, it may be used as a compress or poultice to speed up the healing of wounds and ulcers. Eczema and psoriasis may also be treated this way externally, but it must be remembered that such skin problems can only be healed from within and with the aid of internal remedies.

Priest & Priest tell us that it is a "general alterative: influences skin, kidneys, mucous and serous membranes, to remove accumulated waste products. It is specific for eruptions on the head, face and neck, and for acute irritable and inflammatory conditions." They give the following specific indications: Eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis. Boils, carbuncles, styes, sores. Rheumatism, gout and sciatica. Ellingwood recommends it for the following patholgies: aphthous ulcerations; irritable coughs; psoriasis and chronic cutaneous eruptions; chronic glandular enlargements, syphilitic, scrofulous and gouty conditions.

Combinations: For skin problems, combine with Yellow Dock, Red Cloveror Cleavers.

Preparations & Dosage: Decoction: put l teaspoonful of the root into a cup of water, bring to boil and simmer for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day.

Tincture: take 2-4 ml of the tincture three times a day.

Butternut
© David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. (Hons), M.N.I.M.H.

Juglans cineraria
Part Used: Inner bark.
Constituents:

• Naphthaquinones, including juglone, juglandin and juglandic acid.
• Fixed and essential oil.
• Tannins.

Actions: Laxative, Cholagogue, anthelmintic.

Indications: Butternut is used as a dermatological agent, antihaemorrhoidal and cholagogue. It is a purgative. Ellingwood says: "Experiments with the drug have ascertained that it influences, with great energy, the liver, small intestines, colon and rectum, causing and increased manufacture and elimination of bile, as well as increased activity of the glands of the intestinal tract. Full doses produce large bilious evacuations, without much pain or griping, in which respect its action very much resembles that of Iris versicolor." He suggests its use in: Chronicjaundice, constipation, skin diseases, eczema, herpes, acne, impetigo pemphigus.

Preparations & Dosage: Tincture: 1-2ml.